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This article provides an in-depth guide to merging multiple PDF files in Java using the Apache PDFBox library. By analyzing common errors such as COSVisitorException, we focus on the proper use of the PDFMergerUtility class, which offers a more stable and efficient solution than manual page copying. Starting from basic concepts, the article explains core PDFBox components including PDDocument, PDPage, and PDFMergerUtility, with code examples demonstrating how to avoid resource leaks and file descriptor issues. Additionally, we discuss error handling strategies, performance optimization techniques, and new features in PDFBox 2.x, helping developers build robust PDF processing applications.