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This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the technical distinctions, historical evolution, and practical application scenarios between DTR/DSR and RTS/CTS hardware flow control mechanisms in serial communication. By examining the original definitions in the CCITT V.28 standard, it explains the functional hierarchy of DTR (Data Terminal Ready), DSR (Data Set Ready), RTS (Request To Send), and CTS (Clear To Send) signals, revealing how RTS/CTS was historically repurposed from a half-duplex modem coordination mechanism into a de facto flow control standard. Integrating modern device adaptation practices, it clarifies the necessity for multiple flow control mechanisms and offers technical guidance for typical use cases.

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of performance bottlenecks encountered when using Python's pySerial library for high-speed serial communication. By comparing the differences between readline() and inWaiting() reading methods, it reveals the critical impact of buffer management and reading strategies on real-time data reception. The article details how to optimize reading logic to avoid data delays and buffer accumulation in 2Mbps high-speed communication scenarios, offering complete code examples and performance comparisons to help developers achieve genuine real-time data acquisition.